We often define ourselves by whether we are introverts or extroverts, but how much science actually backs up these categories?
And from an evolutionary standpoint, which personality type has the edge?
It turns out that research does support real differences between introverts and extroverts, particularly in how they think and feel.
But the real twist is that neither may be the best approach to life—there’s a third category that could be even more beneficial.
The terms ‘introvert’ and ‘extrovert’ were first introduced by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung in the early 1900s.
Later, in the 1950s and ’60s, psychologist Hans Eysenck built upon Jung’s work, arguing that the primary difference between these two personality types lies in baseline arousal levels—the amount of external stimulation required to feel engaged and satisfied.
For instance, an introvert might feel content spending a quiet afternoon reading a book, while an extrovert seeks out a loud party or an adrenaline-pumping adventure to feel truly energized.
Essentially, introverts require less external stimulation to reach satisfaction, while extroverts crave more.
How Brain Science Proves the Divide
Modern brain imaging studies have confirmed these distinctions.
MRI scans reveal that introverts have thicker prefrontal cortices—the region of the brain associated with deep thought, decision-making, and planning.
This could explain why introverts tend to be less impulsive but more prone to anxiety and overanalyzing situations.
On the flip side, extroverts show a stronger response to rewards, particularly in situations involving social interaction.
Studies have found that when playing gambling tasks, extroverts experience a more pronounced surge of dopamine—the brain’s pleasure chemical—compared to introverts.
Likewise, interacting with people also triggers a stronger dopamine release in extroverts, reinforcing their natural inclination toward social engagement and excitement-seeking behavior.
But here’s where things get even more interesting—these differences aren’t just shaped by environment; they’re wired into our DNA.
Genetic research has linked certain genes and specific alleles to extroversion, particularly traits related to adventurousness and risk-taking.
Who Wins?
Now, let’s challenge a common assumption—many people believe that being extroverted is a clear advantage in today’s world, where networking, teamwork, and social skills are highly valued.
But is that really the case?
From an evolutionary perspective, both introverts and extroverts had unique survival advantages.
Introverts, being more cautious and less impulsive, were more likely to avoid danger in early hunter-gatherer societies. \
Meanwhile, extroverts, who were naturally adventurous, were more likely to discover new sources of food, water, or shelter.
However, in the modern era, society leans heavily toward extroversion bias.
Schools reward students for speaking up in class, job interviews favor outgoing candidates, and social media thrives on constant interaction.
While introverts possess strengths like deep focus, creativity, and independence, they often struggle in environments designed for high-energy collaboration.
So, does this mean extroverts have the clear advantage in today’s world? Not necessarily.
The most socially successful individuals are often neither extreme introverts nor extroverts—they fall somewhere in the middle.
The Rise of the Ambivert
Recent research suggests that the real winner isn’t introverts or extroverts, but rather ambiverts—those who exhibit a balance of both personality traits.
A study conducted by Adam Grant, a professor at the University of Pennsylvania, found that ambiverts tend to be the most successful in leadership, sales, and social situations.
Why? Because they can adapt to different situations, knowing when to step forward and when to listen.
Unlike extroverts, who may dominate conversations, or introverts, who might hesitate to engage, ambiverts strike the perfect balance.
Embracing Your Personality Type
At the end of the day, there’s no “right” personality type—introverts, extroverts, and ambiverts each bring unique strengths to the table.
While society may reward extroverted behaviors, deep thinkers, problem solvers, and quiet innovators have just as much impact on the world.
So, rather than forcing yourself into a category, focus on leveraging your natural strengths—whether that means embracing solitude for creativity, thriving in social settings, or mastering the art of balance as an ambivert.
If you’re still unsure where you fall on the spectrum, consider taking a personality test to better understand yourself.
After all, self-awareness is the ultimate advantage—no matter your personality type.
